Morning Bell: Obamacare Forces You to Fund Abortions
Posted October 15th, 2009 at 9:08am in Health Care 
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This Morning Bell is the fourth in a five-part week-long series on how Obamacare will affect you.
“Under our plan, no federal dollars will be used to fund abortions,” Or so President Barack Obama promised to the American people in his health care address before a Joint Session of Congress on September 9th. But then why did the U.S. Conference of Catholic Bishops send a letter to Congress on October 8th writing: “No one should be required to pay for or participate in abortion. … No current bill meets this test”?
Who is telling the truth? The President or the Bishops? Last Wednesday, White House Press Secretary Robert Gibbs was asked this question during his daily press briefing and answered: “Well, I don’t want to get me in trouble at church, but I would mention there’s a law that precludes the use of federal funds for abortion that isn’t going to be changed in these health care bills.” Unsatisfied, the CNS News’ Fred Lucas again pressed on Friday:
The Catholic bishops have repeatedly said that the Hyde amendment would not apply to the health care bill and yesterday in the letter that they sent to Congress they said that if language expressly prohibiting abortion funding is not added to the health care bill, they will vigorously — “vigorously oppose” — that’s a quote — the bill. My question on that, does the President support the bishops on this?
Gibbs replied:
My answer isn’t different than it was on Wednesday. There may be a legal interpretation that has been lost here, but there’s a fairly clear federal law prohibiting the federal use of money for abortion. I think it is — again, it’s exceedingly clear in the law.
How to put this politely … it is safe to say that Gibbs’ above statement is less than true. The next time anyone tries to convince you otherwise, that the White House is telling the truth ask them where exactly in the Federal Code it says this. The truth is…it doesn’t.
But what about the Hyde amendment mentioned by the White House reporter? Is the Hyde amendment not the law of the land? No, it is not even a statute. First passed in 1976 by Rep. Henry Hyde (R-IL) as a rider to the Health and Human Services appropriations bill, the Hyde amendment must be passed again every year as part of the HHS appropriations bill and even then it only applies to current HHS programs. The Hyde amendment would do nothing to stop Obamacare from funding abortions and all the versions of Obamacare passed by Congressional committees so far do exactly that.
Conservatives introduced amendments in all five committee markups (three in the House and two in the Senate) that would have specifically prohibited federal funds from being used to cover abortion. None of them passed. Worse, the “compromise” the White House has adopted is an amendment sponsored by Rep. Lois Capps (D-CA) who has a 100% pro-abortion voting record according to the National Abortion Rights Action League (NARAL). Not only does the Capps amendment allow for federal money to subsidize abortions in private plans and mandate federal funding for abortions in the public option (this according to FactCheck.org), it also requires that at least one insurance plan cover abortion in every geographical region in the country.
In 2007, then candidate Barack Obama promised Planned Parenthood: “We’re gonna set up a public plan that all persons and all women can access if they don’t have health insurance. It will be a plan that will provide all essential services including reproductive services. … We will also subsidize those who choose to stay in the private insurance market, except, the insurers are going to have to abide by the same rules in terms of providing comprehensive care including reproductive care.” A Rasmussen poll released last month showed that only 13% of Americans want the health-care reform bill to use tax dollars to fund abortions, clearly demonstrating that even most pro-choice believers do not favor taxpayer funded abortions. A Pew Research Center poll two weeks ago showed that support for legalized abortion has dropped to its lowest level in years to 47%, down from 54% last year. Obama can either please NARAL and Planned Parenthood or he can honor the beliefs of the overwhelming majority of Americans. He can’t do both.
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42 Responses to “Morning Bell: Obamacare Forces You to Fund Abortions”
Ozzy6900, CT on October 15th, 2009 at 9:08am said:
The Obama Administration is following the preclude that a 1935 – 1938 Regime followed, step by step (if I mention the name of this Regime, my post will be deleted as others have been).
The first step is to create as much chaos and unrest as possible. Then totally screw up the economy while blaming the previous Regime thereby hiding your real intentions. Slowly take over private sectors one by one and convince everyone that you are trying to “help” them. Take over the health care system so you control the lives of your subjects and convince the elderly that they need to make room for the “Youth” as the “Youth” is the future of Society.
Once all of the above is accomplished, change the monetary system to instantly shift the wealth to whom you deem proper to have it (never your subjects). Institute Marshal Law to quell pockets of resistance and move your agenda swiftly to the final door. Walk through that door and enter the world of total dictatorship! Now invade whom you wish and force them into your wishes, don a cute little mustache and comb your hair forward. Add a dandy, well tailored uniform and viola! You have attained Fuhrership!
Am I kidding? Am I full of bunk? Look at the time line of that past Regime and look at the time line from the Clinton Administration to now and tell me I’m wrong! My Grandparents and Mother LIVED through this mess back in the ’30’s and told me the horror stories of how this all came to be. It is happening again but no one is paying attention!
m. morton on October 15th, 2009 at 9:08am said:
NO to abortions !!!!!
Ed, ohio on October 15th, 2009 at 9:08am said:
This is illogical logic…..to actually call killing a living human in the womb healthcare is absurd!! Where is the healthcare for the young infant living in the womb?? where is the justice and fairness for these US citizens that are not getting their right to healthcare??? why is killing (aborting)legal???? and now we have to also pay for these murders of the unborn??? are we now complicit in criminal behavior??
If so, doesn’t seem like we are trying to provide healthcare to everyone as promised by the Democrats…..oh…I forgot, this happens to be above BHO’s pay grade…. if that’s true, does that mean all healthcare debates and issues are equally above his pay grade?? I think so, cause those are his words, not mine….just trying to use logic.
Clif Albino, New Berlin on October 15th, 2009 at 9:08am said:
We have precious little representation In Washington. This would be changed if every incumbent is replaced.
Myron Holmgren on October 15th, 2009 at 9:08am said:
One of Obama’s plan before taking office, he would not allow money to go for abortion. This is one more thing he has lied about.
David Kraul, New Bern, NC on October 15th, 2009 at 9:08am said:
I would rather my tax dollars pay for the abortion of an unplanned, unwanted and unaffordable child than have my taxes support an unplanned, unwanted and unaffordable adult for the rest of his life.
John – Mesa, Arizona on October 15th, 2009 at 9:08am said:
FactCheck.org is Annenberg.
Annenberg is the former employer of Obama.
The Google Search results for “Annenberg Obama Ayers” is:
http://www.google.com/search?hl=en&q=annenberg+obama+ayers&aq=f&oq=&aqi=g1
If you cannot open the above just do a Google Search using the same names as above.
Whicket Williams Kingsbury, Tx on October 15th, 2009 at 9:08am said:
One more time. The only way we can regain control is to elect our own candidates that are outside the corrupt machine, and replace every single one of these leaches known as career politicians.
Do not be fooled by the old party lie, they are all the same. some worse than others, but all bad
Danny/Fla on October 15th, 2009 at 9:08am said:
Good Morning Bell: It Is well Known, And Well Read that Abortion is A wrong action, to say the least.If you were aborted you, wouldn’t be here today. Those Who are either not understanding the consequences, of such practices will. It is not opposition, of one understanding, against another, but it is of greater, understanding to follow through in ignorance, that it will become apparent, who is correct, and who, be small standard espouse a lie, for whatever reason that will befall a nation , a people, and a real Understanding. Choose Life/ Not Death.!
Don, Michigan on October 15th, 2009 at 9:08am said:
Just goes to show ya what a liar he is.
Leslie Holt on October 15th, 2009 at 9:08am said:
Ok. Will someone please tell the Government to LEAVE my HEALTHCARE alone! I do not want the Government to know my health issues, when I have a cold, when I need to go to the Dermatologist, if I have a lump or a bump or a boil! PLEASE! What the heck is going on here? HELP! NO. NO. NO.
This is just wrong. Make them leave us alone, please, someone, so something! I feel like this isn’t even America anymore. jeez.
Richard Cancemi, Arlington, TX on October 15th, 2009 at 9:08am said:
Obama is a man born, bred,indoctrinated, and 100% dedicated to Marxist Progressivism. He and his clique operate: through lies,stealth,’impersonations’, sleight of words, and certainly without moral conscience.
Expect lies to come from this clique and never accept at face value what they say, because they do not say what they mean nor mean what they say. Do not become one of their claque that accepts and applauds in a mindless way, everything that these devious devils spew forth. Think and examine from all parameters.
Look beyond Obama’s facade. Look at his friends and you will know what he is. Look at the clique’s actions; they too define themselves. It is America that is targeted by them.
A tree grows as it is bent. Obama has been bent since birth to grow in the direction of anti-Americanism/ world Marxism/ Socialism/ Progressivism/ Fabianism/ Gradualism/ Globalism/!!!!
You choose the synonym du jour. They all add up to the same thing, in Obama’s own words:” We are going to make FUNDAMENTAL CHANGES in this country”! This means he desires to do away with the Fundamentals of the Constitution and our Bill of Rights.
He will have us live in an “Obama ‘Brave New World’”. God forbid!
Lloyd Scallan – New Orleans on October 15th, 2009 at 9:08am said:
This by no means is a surprise. Why can’t everyone understand Obama and the Dems have an
agenda. They have continued to lie from before the
campaign began. Gibbs is just a puppet for Obama.
Nothing that these socialist/Marxist say can be
believed. They cannot be trusted. Why do you think they are putting this health care plan together in secrecy and refuse to allow the final plan to be put on line before it is voted on?
Don, Michigan on October 15th, 2009 at 9:08am said:
Ozzy6900, God bless you for putting it right on the line. And you are right, do not mention the name of the regime as the post will be deleted. But it seems to me that we have all heard it from the left liberal Dems concerning the tea parties and the town hall meetings and nothing was done. Not even an apology!!!!!!!!!!! What does this tell everyone.
Richard Cancemi, Arlington, TX on October 15th, 2009 at 9:08am said:
Just think. The “progressives” believe that the un-born have no “social value and (now some consider a fetus to be such until some time AFTER birth) they can be cavalierly destroyed, killed, aborted. There have been over 40,000,000 abortions since Roe vs. Wade
Imagine their attitude towards the elderly who may be ill and not working. They too have no “social value” Look at the provisions for them in the health bills. The Progressives have objected to the term ‘death panels’ Sure they wont kill outright, but they will ALLOW the elderly,non-producers to die by withholding and denying treatments that are too costly and which money is more economically spent on younger and healthier producers.
Remember under Socialism, you are not a free individual. You belong to the State, as part of a Collective; and, your existence is granted by the State, according to your value to the State and the Collective Good.
It is worse than the slavery we fought to eliminate via the Civil War. It is an absolute decimation of all that is personal and individualistic in each one of us.
We must decimate the so-called ‘liberals’.
Dennis A. Social Circle Ga. on October 15th, 2009 at 9:08am said:
The dems and obama talk out of both sides of their face, they just plain out lie to all of us. This health care bill will bankrupt this country and ruin the industry. The dems and obama believe that God does exist, they also believe tah we are not a Christian country, so God can be pushed to the side. This is the same belief they hold on the Constitution, they have said time and again, “we won”. The people of this country do not count for any thing. They have all forgotten that they work for us, we MUST VOTE IN 2010.
Joan Sarasota FL. on October 15th, 2009 at 9:08am said:
There is one word for Obama “despicable”.
Ellen King New Alexandria Pa on October 15th, 2009 at 9:08am said:
Again,I repeat myself-They have to be stopped!!!
Bill – Chicago on October 15th, 2009 at 9:08am said:
If Obama can look Pope Benedict in the eye and lie to him about his intentions re: abortion funding, what makes you think he gives a damn about telling us the truth?
John, Arizona on October 15th, 2009 at 9:08am said:
Is there anyone in the Democratic party who sees the Obama folks for what they are? Won’t any of these weak kneed, meely mouthed Obamatrons stand up and say “enough is enough!”
Ken Jarvis – Las Vegas on October 15th, 2009 at 9:08am said:
WE ALL KNOW THAT HCare Reform WILL PASS
when HF breaks out the -
Abortion issue.
When will they talk about the GOP vote
against the Frankin Anti-Rape Bill?
Prevailer76AZ on October 15th, 2009 at 9:08am said:
Ozzy6900,CT: all true! I grew up during those times. How can we stop this roller coaster ride to ruin?
Ken in Santa Barbar on October 15th, 2009 at 9:08am said:
On October 8, USCCB committees on Domestic Justice and Human Development, Pro-Life Activities, and Migration wrote to Congress that the bishops would have no choice but to oppose a final health care bill that fails to address key concerns and noted:
* Policies against abortion funding and in support of conscience rights must be in the bill.
* Health care should be affordable and available to the poor and vulnerable.
* The needs of legal immigrants and their families should be met.
It’s an imperfect world. They won’t accept provisio for abortion and they are not leaving out the immigrants, the poor and the vulnerable. Oh well mourning bell, can’t have it all. Ya gotta work with others or you don’t get any pudding.
BTW why didn’t you put those other two points in the article?
Seems a little impish to use religion like that.
See you in church?
Ken in Santa Barbara on October 15th, 2009 at 9:08am said:
The full letter not just the picking points for nay-sayers is at this site.
http://www.usccb.org/comm/archives/2009/09-204.shtml
John, Arizona- that’s what a few of us are doing here. Telling you and the rest of the group here “enough is enough”. Read the whole bill, know that the agenda here is to tell you what they want you to believe. Who you calling mealy mouthed and weak kneed? That seems to be the pot calling the kettle black….and self absorbing. My mother the republican wouldn’t agree with your manners or your treatment of others you don’t agree with.
If you get the chance read a little of and about D.D. Eisenhower. Then maybe you can meet with some who don’t agree with you and work towards the middle and a kinder gentler more inward productive America.
http://www.usccb.org/comm/archives/2009/09-204.shtml
Bryan on October 15th, 2009 at 9:08am said:
Why does anything this man does still amaze anyone. He has broken just about all his promised during his campain.
The problem is no one is allowed to say any thing about this bills because if the do they are left wing crazy. If the people really wanted to know about Obama like the wanted to know about Bush then the news would have to report it.
We as a country are too lazy to find out facts on our own. We want to believe what cnn is saying. They don’t have time to look it up at night after all the biggest loser and other more important shows like so you think you can dance is on. Thats more fun than being reading the bills from Washington. Young people is this country have no idea what is important in live. They just want to go to work then caome home and party on pay attention to the rest of the world because if they payed attention then we would not be in this mess!!!!!!
Jason, Charleson, SC on October 15th, 2009 at 9:08am said:
Morning Bell – I am equally concerned about the large amount of “medical” procedures currently not being discussed as being specifically excluded from the bill. Federally funded can also quickly turn into federally required. Clearly, population control is the next step.
And what about federal funds for medicinal marijuana? Am I going to be paying for someone’s drug addictions? More seriously, brain implants – am I going to be paying for someone else to get a competitive advantage over me? And who gets to control the implants? And who gets to control the implants?
We should demand Robert Gibbs to address why the president isn’t making a clear statement on federally funded, government mind control implants OR population control. Abortion is a serious issue, but I’m more worried about other exclusions.
Joan Bell, McMurray, PA on October 15th, 2009 at 9:08am said:
Thank you for the informative writeup you presented here about coverage or non-coverage of abortions. This is truly a wonderful site and your articles are very much appreciated.
Kay Escobedo on October 15th, 2009 at 9:08am said:
What can we do? What if we refused to pay taxes – would they put us all in jail? They’d run out of room real soon. Seriously, what can we do to help?
Kent, California on October 15th, 2009 at 9:08am said:
I doubt the author will let this comment be published and if he or she does publish it, it is only because I challenged them to publish it and they caved in. Notice that the quote from the Catholic Bishops has an ellipsis in it? That indicates that information was removed. The author of this article removed a key sentence there. The sentence he/she removed is:
” It is essential that the legislation clearly apply to this new program longstanding and widely supported federal
restrictions on abortion funding and mandates, and protections for rights of conscience.”
The author removed this sentence because it contradicts his/her point. That is, even the bishops agree with Robert Gibbs that there are restrictions on federal funding of abortion. The bishops simply wanted to confirm that this practice would continue. This sort of spin and propaganda that is at the heart of this article is just the sort of thing the Right does to deceive its followers. Don’t be fooled, demand the truth!
Greg Hagen on October 15th, 2009 at 9:08am said:
The lies continue…and they will continue to continue! (ha!) We need only to casually observe on a daily basis to know the affront to our country continues. We are the ones who choose! How much incredulousness do we need? I’m full-up myself, and it’s no longer productive for me anymore. You’all know what the tenor of ‘Morning Bell’ will be tomorrow. For those who have not done so yet, now is the time to shift focus towards demanding, finding,pushing-in good Republican CONSERVATIVE candidates and readying to vote them in ala ‘Club for Growth’! Some here should probably consider running themselves! Godspeed to us all.
Greg Hagen on October 15th, 2009 at 9:08am said:
…my post was in answer to you Kay Escobedo. Good luck, or rather…let’s make our luck.
TREVOR MERCHANT BRONX NEW YORK CITY on October 15th, 2009 at 9:08am said:
WILL REPEAT IN CLEAR CATEGORICALLY TERMS THAT WE ARE IN A DICTATORIAL AND REPRESSIVE STATE FROM THE VERY DAY THAT BARACK OBAMA AND HIS ENTOURAGE WON THE PRESIDENTIAL PRIMARY . ALL THAT HAVE OCCURRED FROM THEN ON IS THE PROGRESSION OF MORE CONTINUEOUSLY AS WE PROCEED ALONG . WHEN YOU HAVE A MEDIA OUTLET SUCH AS MSNBC WITH SOMEONE SUCH AS KEITH OLBERMANN SPEWING HIS MESSAGES OF HATE EVIL AND OTHER DOCTRINES OF THE WORD I AM UNABLE TO LOCATE WITHOUT HE PAYING FOR SUCH . THEN ALL ARE LOST . NO ONE MUST EVER OPPOSSE QUESTION DEBATE AND OR CHALLENGE ANY OF THESE LIE-BERALS WHETHER IT IS THE MESSIAH BARACK OBAMA THE FORMER VICE PRESIDENT ALBERT GORE MOVEON .ORG AND MANY MANY OTHERS WITHIN THIS SAME ENCLAVE WITH THEIR ISSUES POLICIES OR INTENTS .THIS IS CLEAR AS TO WHAT IS THE CONDITION OF FREEDOM IN THIS ONCE GREAT NATION . MORE TO COME TREVOR MERCHANT THURSDAY OCT 15,2009
Karen Bonville on October 15th, 2009 at 9:08am said:
Abortion is pre medated murder and WRONG WRONG WRONG!!! Deep down in their hearts the politicians know this and that’s why every time the issue of abortion comes up they have problems coming up with a bill that will cover it. I will not pay for any ones abortion. No way no how!! Abstane and or use birth control,it’s a lot cheaper.
Jan Alexandria, KY on October 15th, 2009 at 9:08am said:
As a Senior citizen, I am very upset over this health bill. Not only is the government not giving us an annual raise on Social Security ( bet the Congress gets their raise), but this bill will raise what comes out of my Social Security for my health insurance. This will of course lower my Social Security income. I say NO to funding abortions!!! Where is the transparency that Mr. Obama promised? I would like to read the final health care bill before it is voted on and I would like my Senators and Representative to be able to read it also. How do we stop these people in Washington? The inmates are in charge of the asylum!!!! They are destroying this great country of ours.
Chris, Iowa on October 15th, 2009 at 9:08am said:
I have been writing my Congressmen non-stop. Telling them that I would no longer pay my taxes if they did not specifically put “simple” wording in the bill that STOPS THE GOVERNMENT FUNDING OF ANY ABORTIONS in the
U.S. or any other country in the world.
I have told all of my Senators and Representatives as well as the Governor, Pelosi, and Obama. I have sent letters to the White House and every Bishop, with a consistent message. Stop abortions and stop funding murder. I will not pay taxes to a group of baby killers. If they want to come and take me to jail, I guess three square meals a day, warm place to sleep, exercise room, flat screen tvs, and a way to further my education, doesn’t sound like such a bad place after all.
If Americans would just stop paying taxes, it would be difficult to put us ALL in jail. If the politicians do not want to listen to us, then we really have no reason to listen to them.
Wake up America! Spend your time talking to your politicians. Send them letters, send e-mail messages, call them on the phone. Do not just complain and talk to one another…the people in Washington need to hear from you.
Thanks for listening. Let’s keep America a country of freedom and liberty. Capitalism is being crucified. Obama and his liberal administration need to be stopped.
Keep working on it and make sure you vote in 2010. We need to replace as many of these “old-timers” as possible and we need to replace the Dems who are so FAR left.
Help save the great United States of America! Stand up and keep after Washington. Do not sit back and wait for something to happen. We the people are the government and we have placed these people in office. It is now time to watch (not what they say, but how they vote, watch their actions).
People can make a difference. And I plan to keep going no matter what the outcomes are at this point in time. More Americans need to be informed and involved. It would really make a difference. Keep up the good work!
Conn Carroll on October 15th, 2009 at 9:08am said:
I removed the sentence Kent talks about for space. That sentence in no way contradicts my point. The point is that the Hyde amendment is not a law written into statute. It is a tenuous compromise that has to be reapporved every year as part of the appropriations process.
What the Bishops, and every honest person who has studied the issue, is saying, is that the Obama/Capps plan would eviscerate that fragile abortion ban and force taxpayers to pay for abortions for the first time in our nation’s history.
Please Kent, do tell me how you can red the Bishops letter and the law in any other way.
Jane, Rumson, NJ on October 15th, 2009 at 9:08am said:
You all are brave as heck to put your names to these comments with the scary crew running the WH. The old, corrupt idiots on Capitol Hill are so stupid and greedy they can’t see that the power has been taken from them and now lies solely in the hands of Obama and his stealth army of anti-American leftists. Why are Obama and Rev. Wright and the rest of their so-called Christian cronies so eager for government sponsored on-demand abortions? Think about who gets abortions.
Carol, AZ on October 15th, 2009 at 9:08am said:
Once again we the question the legal right for free chice , on not, regaring the abortion issue.
I have come to the “Zero Hour” with regards to the lack of care and welfare here in America for thousands of throw-away kids.
We see them every day.
On milk cartons.
We pass their faces and profiles to the entrance of Walmarts.
We hear the Amber alerts on T.V.
We read the websites for missing, exploited, and kidnapped childen across America.
Our system for the protection of our unwanted chilren is cracked.
Under funded, under staffed, under paid.
Fewer back-up community services.
Fewer qualified Foster Care families.
Over crowded group homes.
On top of the pile more and more case loads.
The legal buffer between certain death an the rescue of thousands of others children from unspeakable harm beyond our imagination, is in dire straights.
The Professionals who continue to protect our kids, and who are the buffer, the line of defense,
working for Child Protective Services , I thank you for your dedication.
I thank you for saving the lives of children.
I will remind all of us that last week we all paid for detonating the moon , looking for moisture .
That is how disconnected we have become here in America as funding is decreased for the welfare of kids, trying to survive one more day to live.
Deborah on October 15th, 2009 at 9:08am said:
I was a life long Democrat but when I researched Obama’s support of partial birth abortion and the only senator to vote against protecting the right of babies born alive after an abortion, I knew I could never vote for this heartless man.
He actually said that if one of his daughters “made a mistake” he would not want them burdened with a baby. I guess he has never heard of adoption.
This man is truly a pathological narcissist and does not care for anyone who cannot or will not promote him. He doesn’t even help his brother in Africa who lives on a dollar a month.
I hope we can make a difference with an organized outcry and using 2010/2012 elections to make changes.
But I am starting to lose hope and wonder if we are headed toward disaster. Don’t want to believe conspiracy theories but I am wondering if the fema camps will turn on the heaters and will we have to take cold showers?
Dean-Texas/Alaska on October 15th, 2009 at 9:08am said:
Not about “health care,” it’s a Marxist/Communist/Facist takeover of Free America. Health care is a ploy, used while the economy is being destroyed.
American Patriot, CT on October 15th, 2009 at 9:08am said:
Interesting thought process. Obama will fund abortions. Are these voluntary abortions or, like China, government required abortions? Most of his followers are making a living by bringing children into this world with no desire to love and nourish but the desire to use them for added welfare. Their demographics are as follows: Employment : Slave, Master: Federal Government
Name Sperm Donor or Incubator. This is not racist, it transcends race but reflects life style.
nwosucks.blogspot.com on October 15th, 2009 at 9:08am said:
Thanks to the traitors in the District of Criminals and the foolish public who have bought into this garbage, now we’re all going to be forced to fund our own genocide. Hitler would be proud to say the least. Well what do we expect? Through the theory of evolution we’ve now convinced millions of people their merely another form of animal. Simply another part of the animal kingdom. We justify the enslavement, herding, and tyrannical control of animals. However with the human animal we’re in the same category as a cock roach. We’re pests, and what do we do with pests? We exterminate them! Hence the Nazi (National Socialism) inspired health care reform program poised to installed mechanisms of justified genocide in the United States.